The Parisian club has now claimed the season-opening cup on fourteen different occasions.
Paris Saint-Germain required a dramatic leveler followed by a perfect spot-kick decider to overcome their arch-rivals in Kuwait and capture a record-extending fourth consecutive French Super Cup victory.
The Champions League holders appeared to be sailing towards a straightforward triumph in the match featuring the French league champions and the French Cup winners after the French winger found the scoring in the opening stages.
However, Marseille fired two times in the closing moments to seize a surprise lead. First, the English forward scored from the penalty spot, before Willian Pacho inadvertently turned the ball into his own net for an own-goal.
In a remarkable turn of fortune, the Portuguese striker snatched a vital equaliser in the dying seconds to force the contest into a penalty shootout. The Parisian shot-stopper Lucas Chevalier then stood as the hero, saving decisive kicks from Matt O'Riley and Traore.
From the spot, Ramos, Vitinha, Nuno Mendes, and the young talent all converted with composure for Paris Saint-Germain to complete a convincing shootout victory.
Now 14-time winners PSG, who met last season's Ligue 1 runners-up Marseille after completing a league and cup double, have now lifted this trophy for the 12th time in the last thirteen years.